Dichotic Listening Task Analysis

Dichotic Listening Task Analysis Miss Emma Elizabeth Dorothy Meredith What does the dichotic listening task enlighten us concerning how we take care of data? Talk about this concerning early and late choice models of consideration. Consideration is a determination procedure and is important to our regular day to day existences. We utilize our consideration for some things, for example, going across the street, looking out for our youngsters, or even while performing multiple tasks (which is an important ability in today’s world). Therapist William James (890), discussed two methods of consideration; Active consideration which is demonstrative of an individual’s objectives and desires and controlled in a top-down way; and detached consideration which is controlled in a base up way and is affected by outer improvements (Eysenck, Keane, 2010). The manner in which consideration works achieves a large group of inquiries which has created a lot of exploration in to this field; questions, for example, what amount of data would we be able to take in on the double? What befalls the data to which we are not joining in? Do interruptions from undesirable data cause thoughtfulness regarding come up short? Diff erent inquiries are how would we process the data getting through our faculties? Also, when in the process do we sift through that which isn't pertinent? (Naish, 2010). This paper will be worried about where the channel lies all the while and will look into ahead of schedule and late models of choice, drawing on research around there which has utilized dichotic listening errands to help disclose how we take care of data. The dichotic listening task is a strategy generally utilized by scientists in brain science to investigate specific consideration. Members are approached to wear earphones, in which they are then given various sounds speaking to that of this present reality. These various sounds are played in every ear and are handily controlled (Naish, 2010). Broadbent (1952, 1954) utilized the dichotic listening errand to help the bottleneck hypothesis of consideration. This hypothesis recommended that data is chosen based on ‘low level’ physical qualities, for example, area of sound, pitch and sexual orientation of speaker, and just this data is prepared which would proposes that this bottleneck in the attentional framework is with the end goal that solitary a constrained measure of tangible data goes through it. Broadbent contended that this bottleneck happens at an early stage in the sifting procedure. To exhibit this hypothesis, Broadbent utilized the dichotic listening task in whi ch he utilized two conditions where the members are approached to tune in and rehash various numbers. Sets of various numbers are played to every ear. They at that point need to report these numbers back either by affirming the numbers heard in every ear (condition 1) or announcing the numbers in the request they were heard (condition 2). Broadbent’s discoveries were that for the most part members discovered condition 1 simpler than condition 2 and that members for the most part couldn’t recall the disregarded message in one ear when close consideration was paid to the message in the other. Anyway he found that with short messages, members could get to the ignored data a brief timeframe after, as it would be put away in the echoic memory. Physical highlights, for example, pitch and area were additionally seen as utilized by members to follow messages. From this, Broadbent presumed that exchanging consideration to and fro between ears took up increasingly psychological asset and that the physical highlights were additionally used to channel data. He additionally suggested that all data is gotten in equal and afterward arranged dependent on the perceptual attributes. It is at exactly that point that the sign needed is passed on for handling, whatever else is blocked which ensures again over-burdening of the semantic processor (Naish, 2010). Broadbent’s early channel hypothesis has been scrutinized he contention being that in the event that we haven’t extricated significance out of the tactile data, at that point how would we know to dispose of it as not pertinent. Hypotheses which differentiate Broadbent’s early channel hypothesis will be taken a gander at next. Lessening scholars recommend that solitary the shadowed message in dichotic listening errands are completely handled, anyway everything else isn't blocked, it is simply weakened. Treisman (1960) found that a few members, when shadowing a message, would state a word that had been introduced in the unshadowed message. She found this was normally on the grounds that the word was conceivable with regards to significance in the shadowed message (Eysenck, Keane, 2010). This drove Treisman (1964) to propose the weakening hypothesis which is that all data is perceptually prepared in equal at that point sent through for handling semantically. The went to message would be left immaculate and afterward, as opposed to Broadbent, the entirety of the other data would be constricted and examined, instead of blocked which clarifies why the weakened message will once in a while be taken care of, (for example, in the mixed drink party impact where you can be taken care of a discussion in one piece of the room, hear your name in another piece of the room and afterward change your regard for that discussion) and furthermore delineates a defect inside Broadbent’s early Filter hypothesis. Treisman utilized the dichotic listening undertaking and shadowing to outline lessening. Members were approached to shadow a story being played in one ear disregarding what was being played in the other ear. She found that members started to shadow the other ear if the story exchanged ears, negating Broadbent’s hypothesis as they shouldn’t know about the story proceeding in the other ear. Treisman suggested this was because of preparing where the brief sensitisation of a word because of the nearness of another makes the audience expect what the following word will be. She additionally guaranteed that the area of the bottleneck was probably going to be more adaptable than Broadbent had proposed (Naish, 2010). Certain words, for example, own name, may likewise be perceived effect ively in the unattended message. It was shown by Underwood (1977) that the preparing impact got more grounded if there were a few connected thoughts used to prime instead of a solitary word. Underwood additionally inferred that sentences are handled as entire units however just when gone to as the preparing impact was likewise a lot more grounded when the story begins in the went to ear and afterward changes to the unattended ear instead of the other way around (Driver, 2001). It has just been referenced that Broadbent had discovered that data could be put away in the echoic memory and it is additionally valid for the notable memory when it come visual methodology. He contended that on the off chance that we could switch consideration quickly into the suitable tangible support, at that point it is conceivable to process unattended data. Broadbent was, nonetheless, skeptical about this as he accepted that it took 500ms to move consideration, however it really takes 50ms (Tsal, 1983 r efered to Eysenck, Keane, 2010). This implies moving consideration regarding that data in the echoic memory can be as productive as moving thoughtfulness regarding the real article. Treisman contends that the explanation behind this irregular semantic handling of the unattended data is because of a defective channel. Conversely, Broadbent contends that it relies upon what is called ‘slippage’ by Lachter et.al (2004). That is consideration moved to apparently unattended data, in this way it isn't unattended (Eysenck, Keane, 2010). There are three different examinations that demonstrated oblivious consciousness of the unattended material. Corteen and Wood (1972) led an investigation where members were adapted with a mellow stun to city names until they indicated a Galvanic Skin Response (GSR). They despite everything demonstrated GSR to these words and urban communities they hadn’t been molded in, when they happened in the non-shadowed message, albeit intentionally they didn't know about them (Naish, 2010). Corteen and Dunn (1974) likewise adapted their members to specific words with the goal that they would show GSR after hearing them. To show non-mindfulness, members were told to make a cognizant reaction when an adapted word was played. They neglected to do this more often than not when the adapted word was played in the unattended ear and showed GSR. This recommends some preparing for importance must occur and repudiates Broadbent’s early channel hypothesis (Driver, 2001). Von Wright, Anderson and Stenman (1975) recommended that significance can be handled without mindfulness. They built up that a GSR was brought about by related words, even equivalents, for the molded word by leading a dichotic listening task where the members were given two arrangements of words auditorially and requested to shadow one rundown and overlook the other. The discoveries were this in fact occurred and a GSR impact happened when the words were in the non-shadowed rundown or were fundamentally the same as sounding words (Eysenck, Keane, 2010). As of now referenced, lessening hypothesis assists with clarifying the mixed drink party impact and furthermore Corteen and Dunn’s finding. It affirms that unattended data may be accessible for recognizable proof not meaning. There is likewise less perceptual data to be related to uncommon words, for example, own name. Lessening hypothesis likewise clarifies why members will follow a message from one ear to the next as the two messages are being handled anyway preparing makes related words in weakened messages simpler to recognize at exchanging point (Driver, 2001). It might likewise be conceivable to clarify sound-related consideration (how we reason particular â€Å"sound objects† to take care of, for example, one person’s voice among many) by expanding visual consideration hypotheses that clarify how we conclude and take care of articles in our spotlight of consideration. This proposes the equivalent neural instruments may lie underneath the two kinds of disce rnment (Shinn-Cunningham, 2008). It is proposed by late choice scholars that all data is prepared. It’s just the relevant mater

Role of women in colonial America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Job of ladies in frontier America - Essay Example In United States, early association of ladies can be followed before colonization of the nation up to freedom. While commitment of ladies is seen to be minor, American ladies assumed noteworthy job in colonizing the nation, setting up the American character and in the autonomy development. 1Ann Bleeker recognized three distinct classifications of ladies in America. They incorporate African American, local Indians and the Europeans. These gatherings of ladies originated from particular foundations and they assumed various jobs in colonizing and setting up the establishment of America. 2Bleeker noticed that ladies who had settled in America from European landmass had explicit jobs in the general public. These jobs included getting ready nourishment for the family, weaving, notwithstanding raising and teaching the youngsters. The Jewish ladies were not a special case and 3Helena noticed that they performed comparative conventional jobs simply like ladies who had settled in America from Europe in the sixteenth century. 4Murray noticed that ladies were not permitted to hold administration positions or have social association of their own. Their significant occupation was home making however hardly any possessed property that they had predominantly acquired from their families.

The Broke Persons Guide to Gift Giving

The Broke Persons Guide to Gift Giving The Broke Persons Guide to Gift Giving The Broke Persons Guide to Gift GivingDont let your desire to give awesome, thoughtful gifts to friends and family members drive you into debtâ€"just learn how to give more with less!You’ve probably heard some version of the 1905 O. Henry story The Gift of the Magi. It tells the tale of a husband and wife who can’t afford gifts for each other, so they each secretly sell off one of their prized possessions.The wife cuts her hair and sells it to buy her husband a chain for his pocket watch andâ€"in a twist worthy of a Twilight Zone episode directed by M. Night Shyamalanâ€"her husband had sold his watch to afford expensive combs for her hair. Now both of their gifts are useless.Well, the wife’s hair will grow back eventually and she can just use the combs then. And the husband will still probably look pretty cool with an awesome chain hanging out of his pocket.Regardless, the moral of the story is that they still have their love, so it doesn’t matter that they can’t use their gifts in an optimal manner. But the real lesson is that they should have read this article! Then they would have known how you can give good gifts within your budget!Set expectations appropriately.Don’t be embarrassed to let your friends and family know you’re working on a tight budget. Its not like theyll want you taking out an online loan or cash advance just to buy them a present.If they’re the sorts of people who deserve your generosity, then they’re the sort of people who will be sympathetic to your situation. And if they do have lower expectations, then those expectations are all the more likely to be exceeded. Your gift could even be time spent together.“This summer, starting now, talk to your friends and family and suggest that you dont exchange Christmas/holiday gifts this year,” advised Holly Wolf, Director of Customer Engagement for SOLO Laboratories (@SOLO_labs). “While its warm outside, it feels planned out, thoughtful, and not just panicked over money.“ My conversations go something like this: ‘I enjoy spending time with you throughout the year.   Thats a real gift to me. So rather than exchanging gifts that we really dont need, lets commit to spending more time together this year. Lets hike more/take more walks/hang together more.   The holidays are busy and stressful enough. Lets make them easier for both of us by not exchanging.’“Nearly everyone Ive suggested this too has agreed not to exchange. Only one person needed a bit more time to come to terms with it.”Lina Kristjansen, the co-founder of FiveYearFIREescape, offered a similar approach: “One way to deal with the cycle of gift-giving is to break it altogether. If you want to do it without sounding like a Grinch, you could say: ‘This year were saving up for a vacation, lets just get together instead of exchanging gifts!’ Of course, you can replace vacation with your own goal, like paying off debt, creating a rainy day fund, or a purchase youre actually excited a bout.“People will respect your decision when you share the bigger picture behind it, instead of just saying ‘we cant afford it.’ Besides, your family and friends will probably welcome the chance to break the gift-giving cycle if you give them the alternative.”But if you still feel the need to give physical gifts, you have many affordable options that wont require a personal loan or installment loan to cover.Dissect a gift basket.If you think about it, a gift basket should really be called a “gifts” basket, since it contains multiple gifts. On that note:“If you have several friends and family members youd like to give gifts to but youre short on funds, you can always buy one large gift basket and then create smaller gifts using the included items,” suggested Beverly Friedmann, content manager for ReviewingThis (@ReviewingThis).“By purchasing a (neutral) gift basket you may be able to give several people different items at once, and you can include cards with each. T his will likely save you a considerable amount of money in comparison to purchasing individual gifts, and your recipients will never be privy to where their present came from.”Turn downsizing into giftsizing.Do you have a lot of clutter and have been thinking about Kondo-ing your living space? Well downsizing could also be an opportunity to make progress on your gift list.“Several years ago, my grandpa started giving away gifts from his past for Christmas in place of new purchases,” recounted Kelly Shea of  TrialandEater.com  (@TrialandEater) and TheWabiSabiLife.com. “These gifts come with a personalized note about why he is giving each of us this particular item, and a story from his life. These have turned into mementos that we all look forward to.“This year, as I downsized and moved, I adopted the same gifting philosophy for peoples birthdays. Items that I received from conferences or other travels, kitchen items I might have otherwise given away, a new chocolate bar, b ooks that I have finished readingâ€"if they make me think of a particular family member I gift them and tell them why.“This intention based way of gifting not only makes my family members feel like I truly thought of them, but it also cuts down on costs and gifting people items that end up as clutter that they dont need.And they dont have to be fancy to be appreciatedâ€"some items I have sent recently include chocolate and snacks, a free pineapple tote bag I would have otherwise gotten rid of, duplicate kitchen items, makeup samples, and a shirt that no longer fit me that I knew would fit my cousin. Its kind of like an adult care package!”Consider used items.“Used” doesn’t have to mean “bad” or “broken down.” Gently used items can still make very nice, and more affordable, gifts.“If giving something physical is important, visit a thrift store to look for a gently used gift instead of something brand new,” recommended Logan Allec, CPA (@moneydoneright), owner of personal finance website Money Done Right. “Thrift stores are great places to score great deals on treasures, especially if you are short on cash.”Make something.Making gifts tends to be much more affordable than purchasing them. Also the people you’re giving them to might grade the gifts on a curve. But we bet they’ll actually love them as well!“While it may seem cliche or even impossible, if youre very tight on funds you can always make your own gifts,” advised Friedmann. “If you enjoy art, writing, or making items at home (i.e. plants, jewelry, knitting), you may be able to use your skills to put together gifts that are even more special to your friends and family than store-purchased items.One of the best gifts Ive received was a card in conjunction with a self-learned piano song. The sentiment behind the gift is always the most important part.”Want a specific, relatively easy to replicate example? Read on!“Since my wife and I were both from large families, ou r holiday gift list was always quite long,” offered Timothy G. Wiedman retired professor of Management Human Resources at Doane University(@DoaneUniversity). “And when I was in graduate school, our finances were stretched pretty thin.So several years in a row, for many of our holiday gifts, my wife and I made sheets of hard rock candy in various colors (red, green, yellow, and dark gray) and complementary flavors (peppermint, wintergreen, lemon, and licorice).   As I recall, we used a simple stove-top recipe that included Karo syrup and cane sugar (with confectioners sugar topping off the finished candy).“After the basic concoction reached the proper temperature (somewhere around 300 degrees if my memory is accurate), it cooked for several minutes before each coloring/flavoring combination was added; and then it was spread (about 3/8 of an inch thick) on cookie sheets that had gotten a thin coating of confectioners sugar.Then I took the sheets outside to cool and harden by pl acing them on our ancient picnic table. We lived in central Ohio, so the finished recipe hardened fairly quickly in December. Finally, each hardened sheet of candy was cracked into smallish pieces and given a final dusting of confectioners sugar.”Now take this advice and use it in your gift-giving endeavors. There shall be no twist endings for you!Being generous is awesome, but so is staying within your budget. There are no gifts good enough to to justify taking out a short-term bad credit loan  or no credit check loan  (like a  payday loan  or title loan to pay for them. To learn more about stretching your budget further, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:The Broke Person’s Guide to Hanging With FriendsHow to Have Fun This Summer on a BudgetThe Broke Person’s Guide to Home CookingHow to Budget and Save Money When You’re Making Minimum WageDo you have a   personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |  InstagramContributorsLogan Allec (@moneydoneright) is a CPA and owner of the personal finance website  Money Done Right.    After spending his twenties grinding it out in the corporate world and paying off over $35,000 in student loans, he dropped everything and launched  Money Done Right  in 2017.    His mission is to help everybodyâ€"from college students to retireesâ€"make, save, and invest more money.    Logan resides in the Los Angeles area with his wife Caroline.Beverly Friedmann works as a Content Manager for the consumer website  ReviewingThis (@ReviewingThis)â€"with a background in Sales and Marketing Managementâ€"and is from New York, NY.Lina Kristjansen is the co-founder of FiveYearFIREescape  where she blogs about her family’s early retirement. She quit working at 31 with kids and a house in a pricey city. Her husband retired one year after her, too. She got there through saving, financial savviness, and rental houses.Kelly Shea is a former financial anal yst turned writer and photographer who has a passion for wellness and vegetarian food. She loves sharing her recipe creations and her latest foodie adventures from her travels across the country on her food and travel blog at TrialandEater.com (@TrialandEater), along with wellness and alternative lifestyle topics at TheWabiSabiLife.com.After 13 years as a successful operations manager working at two different ‘Fortune 1000’ companies, Dr. Timothy G. Wiedman spent the next 28 years in academia teaching college courses in business, management, human resources, and retirement planning.  Dr. Wiedman recently took an early retirement from  Doane University (@DoaneUniversity), is a member of the Human Resources Group of West Michigan and continues to do annual volunteer work for the SHRM Foundation. He holds two graduate degrees in business and has completed multiple professional certifications.Holly Wolf  is an executive with over 30 years of experience in banking and healthcare.

Analysis Of Babylon Revisited By F. Scott Fitzgerald

Jeff Kunkle Professor Shane Hall American Literature 26 April 2016 Babylon Revisited Written in 1930, Babylon Revisited is a story set in the Great Depression era, however the narrative represents American culture from across several years. F. Scott Fitzgerald, author of Babylon Revisited, succeeds in framing what American culture was in the 1920s as well as the early 1930s. The story exposes the two cultures through the protagonist Charlie Wales, a business man who â€Å"got lucky in the market.† In the story, Charlie’s lifestyle is shown as one of luxury and excess which defines the era before the Great Depression known as the â€Å"Roaring Twenties†. As Fitzgerald unravels the narrative, he creates a setting more representative of the time the story was written in. The underlying feeling of depression and loneliness contrasts with Charlie’s lifestyle creating an interesting clash of 1920s consumerism and the conservative culture Americans shifted towards as a result of the economic downturn. Babylon Revisited is a stro ng culturally relevant piece which explores American culture from the â€Å"Roaring Twenties† to the Great Depression era of the 1930s. F. Scott Fitzgerald incorporates both the culture of the â€Å"Roaring Twenties† and the culture of Americans during the Great Depression through the life of the protagonist Charlie Wales. The â€Å"Roaring Twenties† was a time of excess and celebration and the introduction of â€Å"consumer society.† According to the Cambridge Dictionary online,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Babylon Revisited By F. Scott Fitzgerald2140 Words   |  9 PagesJosephine Camus Vernon English 1302.05 March 24, 2015 Babylon Revisited Though the shimmering street lights, aroma of spells and endeavors, and heart of the world is believed to rest in the city of Paris, Charlie Wales proves that no place on Earth is as perfect as described. Paris served as a bragging right, a place that only the wealthiest Americans can savor what they thought was their guilt-free pleasures, despite sacrificing all of theirRead MoreAnalysis Of F. Scott Fitzgerald s Babylon Revisited 1180 Words   |  5 PagesIn Babylon Revisited, F. Scott Fitzgerald introduces the reader to a character by the name of Charlie Wales. The reader learns that Charlie is a recovering alcoholic hoping to reestablish a relationship with his daughter, Honoria. Fitzgerald shows evolvement through the character of Charlie Wales. When readers are first introduced to Charlie, he is on his way to visit his daughter. Honoria has been living with her Aunt Marion and Uncle Lincoln after the death of Helen, Honoria’s mother and Charlie’sRead More Analysis : Babylon Revisited By F. Scott Fitzgerald And Sonny s Blues Essay1316 Words   |  6 Pagesaddiction can be an agonizing and insufferable adventure anyone can ever face. It usually starts small with a â€Å"I’ll try it once†, then eventually becomes a fully developed addiction. In Babylon Revisited by F. Scott Fitzgerald and Sonny’s Blues by James Baldwin, both poems portray blindness verses sight. Babylon Revisited is about a man named Charles Wales who returns to Paris and is on a mission to regain custody of his daughter while being blinded by his addictions whereas Sonny’s Blues is about a narratorRead MoreAn Analysis Of Edith Wharton s Roman Fever And F. Scott Fitzgerald s Babylon Revisited Essay1315 Words   |  6 Pageswith conflict. People use deceit, manipulation and even other people as a way of creating conflict. The same way these things happen in real life, the same happens with characters in literature. In Edith Wharton’s â€Å"Roman Fever and F. Scott Fitzgerald’s â€Å"Babylon Revisited†, characters do the strange thing of using their own children as a way of pushing other others into their past, a method to hurt them. Here we will observe the roles of children in each story and how they are used by other charactersRead MoreTheme of Time in Babylon Revisited Essay537 Words   |  3 PagesIn Babylon Revisited by F Scott Fitzgerald time is used to reinforce his theme of one’s past being inescapable. Through time it is seen where the main character Charlie’s past comes to haunt him in his present. References are made in time flying by and being lost due to the past indiscretions. Babylon Revisited is one of the most analyzed literary works. Many have torn the piece into bits to decipher the underlying meaning of Fitzgerald’s writing. His theme of the past being inescapable is oneRead MoreAnalysis Of The Story Babylon Revisited 1777 Words   |  8 Pages In the story F. Scotts Fitzgerald dubbed, Babylon Revisited a story about a man named Charlie Wales who goes on a quest to go to Paris and bring back his daughter, Honoria, back home to live with him instead of his sister and brother-in-law. Charlie was a man who had a drinking problem when him and his wife were still together even when they had Honoria. Eventually, Charlie s bad temperment led him to lock his wife out of his house which indirectly led to her untimely death and Honoria beingRead More Search for Innocence in American Modernism Essay1592 Words   |  7 Pagesthey hint at a way out. The path out of the wasteland is through a return to innocence. This is evident in the Modernist works o f The wasteland by T. S. Eliot, Directive by Robert Frost, Babylon Revisited by F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Hills Like White Elephants by Earnest Hemingway as will be shown in an analysis of the inhabitants of the wasteland and their search for innocence, the role of children and pregnancy in the wasteland, and the symbolism of water and rebirth.    But before I goRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald And Breakfast At Tiffany s By Truman Capote1486 Words   |  6 Pagesconformity. The stories of Babylon Revisited by F. Scott Fitzgerald and Breakfast at Tiffany’s by Truman Capote provide an excellent focal point to analyze the arguments above, because the two key characters, Charlie and Holly respectively, both exhibit self destructive behavior that inhibit their ability to maintain a prosperous relationship; however, Holly seeks to retain her self destructive characteristics whereas Charlie instead aims to abolish them. 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In order to interpret The Sensible Thing, it is necessary to examine F. Scott Fitzgeralds life and work. The materialistic, free-thinking ideas characterizing greatly influenced the writings of F. Scott Fitzgerald. Furthermore, his relationship

Olaudah Equianos Influence - 1139 Words

The Influence and Career of Olaudah Equiano There have been many authors throughout history who have impacted America, amongst them is Olaudah Equiano. Olaudah Equiano, a slave who wrote about his terrible experiences, not only changed America, but changed the world. Equiano s life and career were divided in two parts: his life as a slave and his life as a free man. He battled the slave ships and helped abolish the slave institutions with the power and depth of his writings. Equiano s most powerful piece of literature was The Interesting Narrative of the life of Olaudah Equiano because of its devastating impact on the slave trade. Olaudah traveled from country to country selling his book and promoting the anti-slave movement. He†¦show more content†¦While alive, he and William Wilberforce fought with other abolitionists to bring down slavery. After his passing the world changed for the better when slave ships were no longer permitted in England. Once this happened, ripples s pread throughout the world, leading many other countries to abolish slavery including the United States of America. â€Å"Equiano exhibited no bitterness or anger, revealing a moral superiority over his tormentors that spoke volumes about the potential of the human spirit.† He in his very actions and way of treating others proved that he was in fact completely correct. (norfolkblackhistorymonth.org). His spirit led the abolition movements even after he died. He not only changed the world s morals as a whole, but also changed how slaves themselves stood up to slavery. Equiano impacted the whole entire genre of slave writings. He was a major example in encouraging slaves to stand up and fight with the use of language. Olaudah s left behind his memories to the people of today, showing that slavery is wrong. Equiano proved to everyone that a black man could be just as smart, and in this case even smarter than many white men. A young boy, born in Africa, stripped of his name, and sold into slavery would become an anti-slavery hero. Olaudah Equiano became one of the most powerful leaders ever to live. Equiano could haveShow MoreRelated Jessica Rodriguez Essay1364 Words   |  6 PagesMoton and Paradise Historical Accuracy in Equiano’s Novel Olaudah Equiano’s autobiography, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African, Written by Himself, has become a very important piece of literature. Equiano established a new type of literature with this novel. It was the first autobiography/slave narrative ever written. Many other slaves, such as Fredrick Douglass, followed his example in writing autobiographies or slave narratives. EquianoRead MoreA Narrative Of Captivity By Mary Rowlandson Essay962 Words   |  4 PagesA Narrative of Captivity by Mary Rowlandson and The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano by Olaudah Equiano are captivity narratives in which the two narrators share their individual stories of being abruptly kidnapped and enslaved. Equiano was an black 11 year old boy who was stolen from his home by African slave traders in 1756. Rowlandson, a 39 year old Puritan woman, was taken in 1675, during King Philip’s War, after Indians raided her town. Although the two authors are both kidnappedRead MoreThe Narrative Of Olaudah Equiano1123 Words   |  5 PagesAndrew Parrill Christopher McBride LITR220 July 2, 2017 Does It Matter Where Olaudah Equiano Was Born? The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African, by Olaudah Equiano, can be described as one of the most successful literary prose written by an African-American up to the start of the Civil War. Autobiographies were not considered a form genre in the literary field at the time it was published in 1789 and few books that had been produced in America gaveRead MoreThe Persuasiveness of the Captivity Narrative955 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican author of his time, in The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavas Vassa, the African, Written by Himself, Olaudah Equiano illuminated for the masses many of the inhumanities and atrocities associated with the slave trade that previously had been known only to those more intimately involved with it and began an entire new genre known as the slave narrative. Part of the success of Equiano’s narrative must be ascribed to the familiar themes of capture, captivity,Read MoreSelfdom in Slavedom: Gustavus Vassa1503 Words   |  7 PagesFrom Africa, to Barbados, to Virginia, to a ship that travels the British Empire, if a steady location were the basis of identity, Olaudah Equiano would surely have none. However, he still develops a specific identity throughout his narrative, a striking task as he is ripped away from the family and c ulture he is born into and then never remains in one place for too long. In contrast to this, Harriet Jacobs develops an identity based largely on the family and community that surround her. Jacobs andRead MoreA Narrative Of The Life Of Olaudah Equiano1246 Words   |  5 Pagesand of Africans being enslaved by whites. Two captivity narratives that were widely read during the time are A Narrative of the Capture and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson by Mary Rowlandson and The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano by Olaudah Equiano. They relate the experiences of a married white Puritan woman captured by Native Americans and an African boy captured for the American slave trade at a young age respectively. They were often used as propaganda, Europeans duringRead MoreOlaudah Equiano, A Reliable Source For Historians, Educators, And Students1140 Words   |  5 Pagesmanipulate this criterion, allows for the successful creation of an environment that builds a connection between the audience and his journey. The author, Olaudah Equiano, was born in African Providence of Eboe. Eboe was a small providence of the Kingdom of Benin. Up until 1756, Equiano had never encountered a white individual. In 1756 at the age of 11, Olaudah Equiano and his sister were kidnapped and taken to serve as slaves within Africa. After serving many years as a slave in Africa, he traveled acrossRead MoreOlaudah Equiano And Mary Rowlandson Essay1264 Words   |  6 PagesEnduring through hard conditions, facing unbearable horror, and events that deteriorated their lives forever, both Mary Rowlandson and Olaudah Equiano share similar experiences they encountered in their lifetime, as well as differences, allowing us to compare the two and the hardships they faced. As Mary Rowlandson and Olaudah Equiano had variation between both of their experiences, such as gender roles and different ages and past life, they both experienced relatively the same horror nobody shouldRead MoreOlaudah Equiano Essay1128 Words   |   5 Pagesneed for labor, which led to plantation owners to buy slaves for cheap work. There were no laws during this time that kept men from doing this type of act. Olaudah Equiano was an African slave from Essaka that has experienced many hardships as a slave. He wrote about his life as a slave in his book â€Å"The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavas Vassa, the African†. Equiano uses his experiences during slavery to show the type of difficulties slaves encounter in their lives, theRead MoreEssay about History At Its Best1616 Words   |  7 Pagesperiod of time in which the most advancement has occurred in society, in the shortest amount of time. The three books, The Interesting Narrative, by Olaudah Equiano, Victors and Vanquished, by Stuart B. Schwartz, and A Social Contract, by Jean-Jeacques Rousseau, each provide a view of the modern era in their own individual ways. Olaudah Equianos account of his life as a slave is directed at the problem of slavery. Stuart B. Schwartz Victors and Vanquished, provides a collection of personal

Keeping the Good Ones Free Essays

Training employees will lead to increased productivity and better outcomes. Therefore, it is necessary to treat team members as people first and as employees second. It will motivate their engagement in work and interest in outcomes. We will write a custom essay sample on Keeping the Good Ones or any similar topic only for you Order Now Actually, staff training will inspire employees and provide them with necessary practical tools in order to keep the good people the company already has. The core principles of successful management are: To offer yourself (director, senior manager) as a person firstly and director secondly To offer time with a regular take 10 check-in To offer motivation and appreciation It is known that companies spend lots of capital investments in tomorrow’s leaders without paying attention to today’s employees. It is suggested that money is the main reason of departures. Nevertheless, it is not. Money plays important part, though this part is minor compared with other factors. Motivation based only on material awards is insufficient, although lack of money is also a de-motivator. So, there is not need to throw money after employee who is unhappy, because it will create an unhappy employee who is better off financially. It is necessary to outline that variety of factors exist to motivate employees. Therefore, motivation should be intrinsic. There is not single method to motivate all the employees at once. Motivation depends on each employee. Directors should understand these principles, if they want to develop leaders. Otherwise, directors will serve only corporate ambitions of leading competitors. The first key is to build a better culture. If a company wants to retain its employees in whom it has invested capital, time and relationships, it has, firstly, to provide improvements of corporate structure. It s required to look at corporate hierarchy culture – vertical or horizontal. Vertical structure results in decreased communication, less employees’ empowerment and general decrease in commitment, whereas horizontal structure does the opposite meaning it aims at decreasing friction and power struggles between employees and senior management. Horizontal structure tends to ensure higher visibility and accountability. The next step is to improve employee commitment and communication mechanism. It is important to remember that to improve the quality of employees’ life means to ensure better commitment and performance of the company. The second key is to empower employees. Actually, empowerment is a matter of discussion, though often this concept is misunderstood. It is proved that empowered employees are able to make quicker decisions, they are more confident in their abilities, etc. Thus, empowerment increases employee’s satisfaction and decreases corporate costs related to remediation work. Motivated employees are willingly engaged in innovations and problem-solving processes. The main benefit of empowerment is that it generates loyalty among employees. Therefore, empowered employees realize that their contribution is valued and they are respected. Finally, the third key is to improve relationship skills. It means that relationships within corporate culture may either make or break the company’s performance. Relationship and communication skills are vital component of corporate culture. The company’s managers and directors should display corporate personality traits such as sense of humor, family values, empathy, genuineness to motivate employees follow their example. People should be valued more then outcomes. Further, chief executives should be readily accessible and easily approached. It goes without saying that the better relationship skills among employees and directors, the better the corporate culture. Effective communication is playing nowadays one of the most important roles in organizations and companies, because it is the only source of mutual understanding among employees and customers, directors and suppliers, etc. References Keeping the Good Ones. (2001). Retrieved March 11, 2007, from http://mpcfilms.com How to cite Keeping the Good Ones, Essay examples

Barclays Bank Initiative on ATM

Question: What innovative practices/product/service did they implement. What was the aim of the initiative? How did it come about and what research was taken to support it? How did the initiative impact on the organisation?. What success did the initiative have on the market? Answer: Background of the business Barclays Bank is an international bank with its headquarter based in London, England. Its foundation can be traced back in 1690 where two Quakers formed a partnership. In 1728, James Barclay became a partner in the private bank. His name became the origin of the bank. After the partnership, the bank was relocated to Lombard Street where other banks were also located. Initially, it was named private bank but later it was renamed Barclays Bank. In 1917, the bank was renamed as Barclays Bank Limited. (Lute, Douglas, Mleziva, Nelson, Magee Barker, 2009)The bank grew firmly from then to become one of the pioneer banks in the world. In 2005, the bank relocated its head office to the Canary Wharf where it operates to date. Today Barclay Bank is undoubtedly one of the largest banks in the world offering financial services like banking and investment. It has also employed more than 120,000 people worldwide, therefore, acting as a source of employment. Several changes have also been made in t he bank to ensure the bank offers better services. Innovative practice/idea In 1969, Barclays Bank Center adopted the use of ATM to dispense cash to customers and to ensure that the need to visit the bank to conduct basic financial transaction was eliminated Lute, R. C., Douglas, M. A., Mleziva, R., Nelson Jr, D. S., Magee, P. D., Barker, D. A. (2009. Automated Teller Machine commonly known as ATM is an electronic device that allows a bank customer to conduct their banking transactions such as cash withdrawal without necessarily queuing at the counter. By late 1980 this machine became more popular and handled many functions that were initially performed by human tellers (Magee, Barker, Ryan, Harry, Dunlap, Sedlock Kerstetter, 2003). Activity such as check deposit, cash withdrawal, balance inquiry and money transfer across different accounts and different banks became easier. Modifications such as providing customers with account balances were introduced therefore ATM was able to perform various multiple functions. Barclays Bank was, therefore, able to serve a large number of customers without delay and also offered various business activities through the ATM. As a result, the bank has grown rapidly. (Lute, Douglas, Mleziva, Nelson, Magee, Barker, 2009) In 1990, the bank began to charge fees for ATM services which was a profitable move. However, consumers in this bank faced increase ATM crimes and scams. Criminals devised ways that aimed at stealing customers personal identification number (PIN.) In response to this bank passed a legislation of installing surveillance cameras and reflective mirrors that were designed to reduce theft in ATM. This was a good business move as, by 2005, more than 1700 British over the age of 18 had got their ATM cards (Lute, Douglas, Mleziva, Nelson, Magee, Barker, 2009). Aim of the initiative This initiative was aimed at freeing the lengthy queues for services at the bank. Initially, people made a long queue that was time wasting. With this in mind, the initiative was developed to reduce time spent lining at the counter. The initiative was also designed to provide day and night services without limiting customers to bank hours to transact their business. Privacy was also a consideration. The initiative aimed at serving customers confidentially since it was designed to serve a single customer at ago. This move ensured that that customer could not shy off transacting their business transaction with fear. Target market The Initiative primarily targeted other banking institution to support them in serving their clients. The emergency was a key factor considered here. The machine could operate even during nonbanking hours. Therefore, the initiative targeted the individuals who urgently needed money during none banking hours. Banks that faced the challenge of serving their customers especially during peak hours of banking operation were able to serve their clients using the ATM. Emergence of initiative Planning The initiative of developing an Automated Teller Machine emerged due to the frequent banking problems that were experienced by tellers. The number of tenants who were to be served was relatively higher than some available the tellers. A plan was developed that aimed at designing an automated teller machine that was able to serve customers without going to counter. Research A well-conducted study was carried on how to come up with an automated machine that could serve customers without being served at the counter. This aimed at reducing congestion of clients at the counter. As a result in1967 two people came up with this idea of developing an automated teller machine that could serve customers without being attended to at the counter (Kang Lee, 2009). This idea was however implemented by different people. It was also realized that banking would become easier and services like cash withdrawal and balance inquiry would be offered by this machine. In early 1970, this idea was realized could be implemented and engineers started working on this idea. This marked the period during which ATM was developed. Impact on the organization Result ATM has contributed in a positive way in the organization. For instance, faster and convenient services have been offered to customers. ATM has also led to a vast increase in the number of banking activities even during nonbanking hours. (Lute, Douglas, Mleziva, Nelson, Magee, Barker, 2009) For example, during weekends when Barclays do not operate like other days customers still find it easy to serve themselves through ATM. The organization has therefore extended its working hours by ensuring that ATM can work during these days that they do not operate. Barclays Bank Success factors ATM has offered a considerable benefit to Barclays Bank. Barclays bank has been able to serve its customers without the customers necessarily queuing to be served at the counter. This bank has been able to operate even during nonbusiness banking hours. Quick delivery of service has been offered by ATM. This machine is faster compared to standard service provided at the counter. (Lute, Douglas, Mleziva, Nelson, Magee, Barker, 2009) The bank has also been able to allow other customers from other banks to transact their business using ATM in different banks. Market share has also been increased leading to rapid growth of Barclays bank. Barclays bank has also gained ground due to the fact it is the mother of ATM. Challenges Even though ATM has been outstanding in the field of banking today, it has been a lot of controversies from customers. Security remains a critical threat in delivering services to customers. Even after installing a surveillance camera and reflective mirror to reduce theft, criminals have devised ways that aim at stealing customers personal identification number (PIN). Customers still face increased ATM crimes and scams. (Kang, Lee, 2009) One could also end up draining his/her account accidentally. There are also other overdraft charges unless one has a credit line protection. Debit cards also have an annual fee or charges you are requested to pay every time you use your card. ATM does not offer any protection for refunds on purchases. Aims Barclays still have a plan of developing other initiatives to ensure that services provided to customers are convenient. There are other initiatives apart from ATM that has been implemented. But due to advancement in technology still there are a lot to expect from Barclays Bank. Barclays aims at serving customers to their satisfaction. Success on market Competitors ATM has been an outstanding initiative in the banking environment. ATM is used across all banks. Customers can transact their business activities like money transfer across different banks. This has significantly impacted on the activities that are carried out in other banks. Competitors have also been able to perform their business using ATM. This is a clear indication that ATM is universally accepted, and its effect is felt across the world. Market share ATM holds a relatively larger market share as compared to other initiatives for banking activities. Being an automated machine, customers find it very easy to carry out their banking activities. As a result, ATM has been used across different banks. In the recent past, ATM has emerged as one of the most used e-business platforms in the world. Growths ATM has gained ground in the platform of e-business. It has developed rapidly and today ATM serves very many people across the world. The impact of ATM cannot be ignored if customers expect to achieve their business goals. It has been introduced into the banking system to ensure that delivery of services like cash deposit is convenient. Globally ATM has been adopted and is still being adopted by different banking institutions. (Kang, Lee, 2009) Recent research conducted show that ATM is one of the most popular e-business platforms in the world. Banks have installed ATM world widely and still there is another banking institution planning to install ATM. Therefore, growth in the number of banks that deploy ATM across the world has also resulted in the growth of ATM manufacturers. (Kang, Lee, 2009) ATM, therefore, has remained an outstanding technological and business idea that has greatly revolutionized the modern business world of today. Reference Kang, D. G., Lee, J. O. (2009). U.S. Patent No. D596,374. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Magee, P. D., Barker, D., Ryan, P., Harry, D. W., Dunlap, R. E., Sedlock, G. T Kerstetter, T. E. (2003). U.S. Patent No. D481, 516. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Lerner, T. (2013). History, Technology and Commerce. In Mobile Payment (pp. 1-11). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. Lute, R. C., Douglas, M. A., Mleziva, R., Nelson Jr, D. S., Magee, P. D., Barker, D. A. (2009). U.S. Patent No. D602,225. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

10 Types of Email Marketing Campaigns You Should Be Sending

You made the smart decision to grow an email list. But now that you have an audience, what types of email marketing campaigns should you actually be sending to them?With the right types of email marketing campaigns, you can get users to spend more and share your offers. In some circumstances, email marketing can even be more powerful than social media.In this article, were going to take a look at ten of the most popular and engaging types of email marketing campaigns you can launch. Well show you examples, break down why they work, and give you tips to implement them. Lets get to it! Theres a lot of information to unpack in this example, but thats to be expected from a service such as Slack. Notice they hit several key points though, including:The brief Thank You! for signing up.A Call To Action (CTA).Additional information about the product and the resources available to you.Welcome emails are compelling, so it doesnt make sense to waste them with just a simple Hello. Use them to te ll subscribers all the information they might find relevant and if youre up to it, maybe consider a full welcome email series instead of a one-off.2. Product feedback messagesFeedback is key to improving any product or service. However, getting people to leave you reviews involves a lot more work than you might think. One great way to get more feedback is via email.Not only is feedback essential for product development, but it also helps your users know that their opinion matters to you, which can boost engagement. Our recommendation is to avoid overly detailed questionnaires and keep your product feedback messages more laid back (like Headspace does!).3. New feature updatesUpdates to your products or services are a great way to both keep customers happy and drum up more interest towards them. Whatever those updates involve, you should always send an email to your subscribers to let them know:New feature updates are one of the few types of email marketing campaigns where we recommen d you add as much detail as possible. That way, youll answer as many questions as possible right off the bat, and your most dedicated user base will be happy.4. Email confirmation messagesLets face it: email confirmation messages – i.e., those you get when you sign up for a new list – arent glamorous, but theyre definitely necessary. If youre anything like us, you  hate  email spam, so getting consent from your subscribers is key.With email confirmation messages, you make sure that everyone whos on your list wants to be there. As such, youll have access to more accurate metrics, and your conversion rates will remain higher.5. Holiday-related emailsHolidays, such as Christmas, are fantastic from a marketing perspective, including email. Not only do they give you a chance to send your best wishes to your subscribers, but you can also use them to drive more conversions, give important news, or just have a bit of fun.In the case of Feedly, they used their New Years ema il to announce new features. This is a fantastic idea because more users are likely to at least skim these types of messages around the holidays, which ensures greater exposure.6.   Thank you messagesWe all have a family member thats big on sending thank you notes. Not only do they show good manners, but theyre an excellent way to garner goodwill. The same applies even if theyre digital.With email marketing, though, you can send thank you messages for pretty much anything. For example, companies such as Grabyo use them to celebrate special events. Another approach would be to use these  emails as an opportunity to share freebies, much like Trello:In any case, these kinds of messages are all about the customer, so you shouldnt use them to promote products or services this time.7. Nurturing emailsA lot of people subscribe to email lists, but then never open any of your messages or use your services. Instead of taking it personally, look to reach out and see if theres anything you can do to help or otherwise improve your campaigns. This is what we call a nurturing email.This example from CloudApp is nearly perfect because it has a very personal feel – like a friend reaching out to ask if everything is okay. At the same time, they give out a free month of service, so that the user is likely to give it another shot if theyve quietly ghosted.When it comes to nurturing emails, a soft touch works best. Dont try to drive conversions aggressively. Instead, focus on what you can do to improve your users experience.8. Milestone messagesWhatever type of business youre running, there are going to be a lot of milestones along the road. Each one gives you the perfect excuse to reach out to your subscribers, talk yourself up, and thank them as well while youre at it:Milestone messages offer great opportunities to connect with your subscribers. You can talk about what your business vision is, the updates you plan for the future, how you can help your customers, and m uch more.9. NewslettersOut of all of the types of email marketing campaigns, newsletters are perhaps the most popular. For example, if you run a blog, chances are youre going to be sending a lot of newsletters covering your content:Only your most hardcore users are going to be checking out your site regularly. With newsletters, you get a chance to let everyone know about what theyre missing and get more return visitors.10. Gift emailsIf theres one thing everyone loves, its a freebie. Thats why so many websites offer you free e-books and guides to persuade you to sign up for their email lists (us included, as youll see at the end of this post!). However, if you want to spread the love, you can also send the occasional gift to your existing subscribers.A gift doesnt necessarily have to be a specific item or service. You can give subscribers discounts on future purchases, offer a freebie if they buy specific items, and more. The key with this kind of email is to lead with your offer an d explain what value it provides them, so it doesnt feel like youre hoodwinking users.Start sending these types of email marketing campaigns todayThe types of email marketing campaigns you send play a huge role in keeping your subscribers engaged. For example, welcome emails usually get amazing open rates. If you take advantage of this and get off to a strong start, those same subscribers are more likely to open subsequent emails. Finally, if youre looking for the best email marketing service to send these campaigns, we recommend Sendinblue (our review).Do you have any questions about which types of email marketing campaigns you should be sending? Lets talk about them in the comments section below!Free guide5 Essential Tips to Speed Up Your WordPress SiteReduce your loading time by even 50-80% just by following simple tips.

Compare and Contrast Public Goods Essay Example

Compare and Contrast Public Goods Essay Example Compare and Contrast Public Goods Essay Compare and Contrast Public Goods Essay Compare and contrast public goods, private goods, common resources, and natural monopolies. A public good is a good or service which is non-excludable, and which has no rivalry. It is financed through taxation, and is available to all. Its consumption does not reduce the amount available to others, and it is available even to those who don’t pay for it. Some examples of private goods may include national defense and law enforcement. A private good is a good or service which, if consumed, may not be available to others. This makes it excludable, and it is usually financed by private firms. Private goods are almost exclusively made for profit, and there is rivalry involved in obtaining the product or service. Private goods can include clothing and food. A common resource is a good or service which provides users with tangible benefits. Like public goods, these goods are non-excludable, but they are rival. They include things that every person has a right to use, and could also include things in which people contribute to the production of. This may include items in which the public has paid for the production of through taxation. They are goods such as water and public parks. To the disadvantage of everyone, overuse of common resources may lead to destruction of that resource over time. A natural monopoly occurs when a company has a large cost advantage over other competitors in the market. Like private goods, a natural monopoly is exclusive, but has no rivalry. The government is able to regulate the natural monopolies, which ensures that people are charged a fair price. Utility companies would be considered natural monopolies. Resources http://whcbridge. com/ec7110. html investopedia. com/terms/c/common-resource. asp albany. edu/~aeco110k/day14bw/tsld021. htm http://oregonstate. edu/instruct/econ201/osman/Lec06/lec6os/tsld018. htm businessdictionary. com/definition/private-good. html businessdictionary. com/definition/public-good. html

The changing role of Middle Managers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The changing role of Middle Managers - Essay Example This team’s focus is more towards the long term goals of the company in terms of growth, profitability, withstanding competition, compliance with regulations, satisfying shareholders and increasingly being good corporate citizens in society in terms of the environment and sustainable business practices. Line managers tend to technical experts at specific tasks such as production, quality, purchasing, product development, marketing, sales, advertising or accounting. The middle manager serves as the interface between the small senior team and the much larger number of line managers (Jones and George, 2003). 2.1 The principal tasks for a middle manager Anthony Dance who describes himself as a Middle Manager Coach lists the differences between the middle managers’ role and that of the line managers who report to him. In a 2011 magazine article, he describes the middle manager as the manager of mangers whereas line mangers are mangers of specific functions. The middle manger ’s performance is dependent on the performance of others and his set of duties is often not very clearly defined. Anthony Dance breaks up the traditional role of a middle manager into three principal categories, Strategic tasks, Technical tasks and People tasks. The Strategic tasks include the understanding of the objectives for the company set by the senior management and breaking those into actionable tasks for the line managers, providing feedback to senior management on any problems and recommending corrections, financial and performance analysis and reporting, and communication both upwards and downwards. The Technical tasks include administration, ensuring compliance with plans and co-ordination between line functions. The most important function, however, are the...Anthony Dance who describes himself as a Middle Manager Coach lists the differences between the middle managers’ role and that of the line managers who report to him. In a 2011 magazine article, he de scribes the middle manager as the manager of managers whereas line managers are managers of specific functions. The middle manger’s performance is dependent on the performance of others and his set of duties is often not very clearly defined. Anthony Dance breaks up the traditional role of a middle manager into three principal categories, Strategic tasks, Technical tasks and People tasks. The Strategic tasks include the understanding of the objectives for the company set by the senior management and breaking those into actionable tasks for the line managers, providing feedback to senior management on any problems and recommending corrections, financial and performance analysis and reporting, and communication both upwards and downwards. The Technical tasks include administration, ensuring compliance with plans and co-ordination between line functions. The most important function, however, are the People tasks which include leading the team, motivating them and developing new leaders. Good middle managers strive to constantly improve the performance of line managers and remove those who fail to improve. The problem in most organizations comes from the middle manager not spending enough time on people tasks, either because he is overloaded with the other tasks or because he is uncomfortable with handling people issues.

Investigate mobile phone hacking techniques Essay

Investigate mobile phone hacking techniques - Essay Example The legitimacy of hacking smartphone is comprehensively hooked on the individual performing it. (Carlson) Modestly situate, mobile phone hacking come about when somebody else acquires access into your cell phone. Provisional on their intentions, the programmer may purely outlook the data stored on the device, airing your whereabouts or send communications to your associates in your designation. (Janssen) Smartphones get niftier day by day and more of us depend on them than ever. But there is a downside to our growing dependence on smartphones they have the prospective to be even more perilous than laptops. Here’s round about stuff you should not do: Many of us are beginning to use our smartphones as computers and are keeping all kinds of data on these devices. To make stuff worse, this precarious company data is being retained on indiscreet devices. Protect personal files or photos on portable hard disks. Don’t save them on a smart phone device. Smart phones and PDAs are purely not very safe and sound. The profit intention is driving malware developer in aggregate numbers to produce smartphone viruses. The main thing is that the vulnerability is not going away. If you find your mobile phone is auto-connected to (General Packet Radio Service) GPRS, then your mobile might be diseased with a Trojan horse that is directing your informations to other parties. If you find out this problem, disengage the device straightaway and install anti-virus software to eliminate the malware. Smart phones are useful and are on the rise in acceptance. But for the reason that of the many APIs, users deficiency of safe keeping responsiveness, and the influential promise of financial advance, malware developers endure to create infections. The mainstream of today’s smartphones malware do not present a substantial risk to consumers, but we can’t let our safeguard down. At the moment, we’re in the premature platforms of what is prospective to

Nonsurgical Endodontic Management Case Study

Nonsurgical Endodontic Management Case Study Introduction The main aim of any endodontic treatment is to thoroughly debride and disinfect the root canal system followed by the contouring of root canal walls and apical tip, for the purpose of sealing the root canal completely with a condensed, inert filling material. Failure to acknowledge the presence of an additional root canal during an endodontic treatment is amongst the major causes of an endodontic treatment failure. Other causes include inappropriate canal instrumentation, incomplete obturation and untreated major canals. An important key to success of any root canal treatment is proper understanding of the anatomy of root canal system this can be achieved by knowledge of the morphology of the root and root canal systems of teeth and diagnostic imaging techniques are required for successful root canal treatment, especially in mandibular premolar teeth (England et al. 1991). In-depth knowledge about the occurrence of atypical external and internal root canal morphologies contributes to the success of root canal treatment. It has been indicated by slowey that due to the variations in the root canal anatomy of mandibular premolars, they have a high flare up and failure rate and are hence the most difficult teeth to treat. Both the mandibular first and second premolars most often have a single root and a single canal, however, anomalies of the root and root canal systems as well as multiple canals have been reported in the literature (Baisden et al. 1992, Robinson et al. 2002).4 Zillich and Dowson have, in a definitive anatomical study, unveiled the occurrence of three canals in mandibular second premolars to be 0.4%.5 The mandibular first premolars show a large variation in the occurrence of number of root canals and apical foramina. Data from anatomical studies report that three rooted mandibular first premolars are rare, about 0.2%.6 This case report presents a case of a successful nonsurgical endodontic management of a mandibular first premolar with three separate roots using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). Case Report A twenty four year old female patient of Indian origin, with the chief complaint of intermittent pain along with food lodgement in the lower left back region of jaw since 3 months, was referred to the Post Graduate Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics. Patient also complained of bleeding from gums while brushing since eight months. Medical and dental history was non-contributory. On clinical examination, patients oral hygiene was found to be moderate. Deep occlusal carious lesion was seen with respect to tooth # 34 and 35 and both the teeth were found to be tender on percussion, with no associated periodontal pockets. Neither the affected nor the contralateral side of the crown of the mandibular first premolar showed any unusual anatomy in terms of number of cusps and dimensions. A lingering response was seen on heat testing and electric pulp testing. No evidence of swelling or sinus tract was seen. Intra oral periapical radiographic evaluation of the involved tooth revealed normal mandibular first premolar root anatomy. There was widening of the periodontal ligament space with periapical radiolucency around the root of tooth #34. A diagnosis of irreversible pulpitis was made based on clinical and radiographic evidences. After the administration of local anesthesia (2% Lidocaine with1:80,000 adrenaline), access was gained to the pulp chamber under isolation and conventional access opening was done to locate the canal. Tactile examination of the walls of the major canals was done with a small precurved pathfinder file, while locating the canal, which was proceeded slowly down each wall of the major canal, probing for a catch. A slight catch may indicate the orifice of an additional canal, especially in case of the buccal and lingual walls, because these are not generally visible on the radiograph. . On thorough inspection of the pulp chamber floor, three separate root canal orifices were detected (one mesiobuccal, one mesiolingual, and one distal). With the help of a pathfinder file, access cavity was temporarily sealed with Cavit, and to confirm the root morphology, the patient was referred to an oral and maxillofacial radiologist for a cone-beam computed tomography. CBCT of the mandible was performe d using the CS 3D imaging, after obtaining an informed consent of the patient. A three-dimensional image of the mandible was obtained. The involved tooth was focused, and the morphology was obtained in transverse, axial, and sagittal sections with a thickness of 0.48 mm, along with three-dimensional reconstructed images. The axial image obtained from CBCT confirmed the presence of three roots in mandibular first pre molar # 34. The roots were found to be mesiobuccal, mesiolingual and distal . After re-isolating the tooth, coronal flaring of all the three canals was carried out using Gates Glidden drills and working length was determined using an apex locator, which was later confirmed by a radiograph. The canals were cleaned and shaped up to ISO #35 masterapical file under copious irrigation with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and 17% EDTA. The root canals were dried with sterile paper points, followed by temporary sealing of the access cavity with Cavit (3M ESPE AG, Seefeld, Germany). The patient was re-scheduled a week after for follow up. The tooth was found to be completely asymptomatic after a week, and the roots canals were obturated by cold lateral compaction of gutta-percha using AH26 sealer (Kemdent; Associated Dental Products Ltd, Wiltshire, UK). A postoperative radiograph was taken (Figure 3B), and the access cavity was permanently restored using universal amalgam restorative material. Discussion Diagnosis and management of extra roots and root canals in mandibular premolars is one of the major challenges in endodontics. 8-18 Therefore, the clinician must have an appropriate knowledge about the normal root canal anatomy and the most common variations associated. Inability to find, debride and obturate a root canal has been reported to be a major reason for failures in endodontic treatment. 19Based on race, only one study by Trope et al. has showed an increased prevalence of two or more canals in mandibular first premolar in African American patients as compared to Caucasian American patients .20 The failure rate in mandibular first premolar was shown to be 11.45% according to the Washington study. 21This might be due to the extreme variations in the root canal morphology of the mandibular premolar teeth and therefore poses an endodontic challenge to the clinician. Considering the high prevalence of aberrations in these teeth, an endodontist must suspect the presence of one or more missed canals, when a patient returns with persistent post-operative pain or sensitivity to hot and cold. Judicious use of high-end diagnostic aids should also be considered in such cases. Radiographs obtain two-dimensional images of three dimensional objects, resulting in superimposition of the images. Therefore, they are of limited use in complex root canal anatomy cases. Interpretation based on a two-dimensional radiograph may circumspect the clinician of the presence of aberrant root canal anatomy but cannot completely show the morphological structure of the root canals and their interrelations .22 Based on the results of previous studies carried out by Kottoor et al., and La et al. wherein spiral CT was used for the confirmatory diagnosis of morphological aberrations in the root canal anatomy, CBCT of the involved tooth was planned in the present case .23-25 The 3D CBCT images in this study revealed three roots (mesiobuccal, mesiolingual and distal ), with three distinct canals, each canal having a separate apical orifice as compared to the two dimensional radiograph which showed only one root, just like the anatomy of a typical single-rooted mandibular first premolar, that led to a false diagnosis and treatment plan. This is probably why the mandibular first premolar is known as an enigma to the endodontist. However, the high cost and inaccessibility to the patient as well as the extra radiations as compared to the standard radiographic methods makes its routine use limited.We can therefore conclude that a thorough knowledge of the root canal anatomy and its variations, careful interpretation of the radiographs, close clinical examination of the floor of the chamber and proper techniques of access opening along with adequate magnification are essential for successful treatment outcome. Conclusion The mandibular premolar teeth can present with extremely complex root and root canal system morphology, and if not considered during treatment can lead to difficulties when performing root canal treatment. The use of 3D CBCT is a valuable tool in studying the variations that may occur in root canal anatomy.

Responsibilities and Relationships in Education and Training Essay

The Teaching Role and Responsibilities In Education And Training The role of ‘teacher’ is an infinitely varied one, but there certain principles which underpin all aspects of the teaching role. Whether we are attempting to teach from personally acquired experience or knowledge, or from third party information, the process of teaching can be formalized into a structured process with the aim of maximizing the potential for learning. Numerous models exist with the aim of outlining the key stages of this process. For example, Gravells (2010) identifies them as such: Identification of Need →Planning and Design→Delivery/Facilitation→Assessment→Evaluation In order to undertake each of these stages successfully, the role of the teacher becomes multi-faceted. For example, conducting initial interviews with students helps to establish individual aims and identify particular learning styles such as those recognised by Honey & Mumford (1992). This should enable to the teacher to tailor their teaching style and utilize a variety of methods, while also providing an opportunity to set clear goals which can be used as a benchmark when reviewing students’ progress. Accurate documentation of this is essential and forms part of the teachers’ responsibility. Furthermore, whilst undertaking these roles as a teacher, it is vitally important to consider the parameters in which we must operate. These are most likely to be defined by legal requirement – for example the Equality Act (2010) or the policies or the organization for which we may be working. Ultimately, it is down to the individual teacher to ensure their own professional conduct at all times. References: Equality Act (2010). London: HMSO. Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/contents Accessed 25/11/2014. Gravells, A (2010) ‘Preparing to Teach in the Lifelong Learning Sector’. 3rd Ed. Exeter: Learning Matters Ltd. Honey P., Mumford A. (1992) ‘The Manual of Learning Styles’ 3rd Ed. Maidenhead, Peter Honey. Summarise Key Aspects Of Legislation, Regulatory Requirements And Codes Of Practice Relating To Own Role And Responsibilities There are many aspects to consider when discussing the conduct of a teacher and the requirements therein. Some of these are legal frameworks, others are more informal but equally important in terms of setting out guidelines for good practice. All of these requirements, when adhered to, help to ensure that as teachers, we are providing a safe, secure and successful learning environment. As students, they provide reassurance that care will be taken to promote inclusivity, maintain trust and ensure wellbeing. Some Codes of Practice will be designed to suit individual environments and will vary accordingly. Therefore care should be taken to ensure we are familiar with the particular requirements of the company or institution in which we are operating. Other codes are overarching and apply in all circumstances. One of the more recent of these is the ‘Statutory Special Educational Needs and Disability System for Children And Young People’ (SEND) which came into force on 1 September 2014 and explains the duties of schools and colleges to provide adjustments and aids for disabled children and young people up to 25. Legal acts which are underpinned by law are further reaching but equally apply. These include things such as the long standing 1974 Health and Safety  and Work Act, which ensures the â€Å"health, safety and welfare of persons at work† as well as â€Å"protecting others against risks to health or safety in connection with the activities of persons at work†. However, in the constantly shifting legal landscape, we should be mindful of new legislation coming into force. Finally, there are, of course, directives issued by professional bodies such the Institute for Learning which has a Code of Professional Practice (2008) covering 7 key areas: Integrity Respect Care Practice Disclosure Responsibility References: Department for Education (2014). ‘SEND code of practice: 0 to 25 years’. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/send-code-of-practice-0-to-25 Accessed 29/11/2014 Institute for Learning (2008). ‘Code of Practice’ Available at: https://www.ifl.ac.uk/membership/ifl-code-of-professional-practice/view-the-code-of-professional-practice/ Accessed 1/12/2014 Explain Why It Is Important To Identify And Meet Individual Learner Needs As we have established previously, the first step in the (Gravells, 2010). Teaching and Learning Cycle is ‘Identifying need’. Without properly ascertaining this, the further steps in the cycle become more difficult to achieve and the chance for success is significantly diminished. Furthermore, informing learners of objectives creates a level of expectation for learning (Gagne, 1965). In order to avoid this outcome and the negative implications of failing to succeed, we must have a clear approach. Prior to the start of any learning activity, there will, by necessity be a  process which ostensibly is an administrative exercise. However, these interactions provide an excellent opportunity to engage with students in a way which could provide useful information. For example, noting that a student may have difficulty with grammar or spelling when completing a written questionnaire may indicate a greater need for support with literacy. Or, a student struggling to get to grips with viewing digital information such as a Powerpoint or PDF file could highlight a lack of I.T skill. It is important that we use all of these tools at our disposal, as acknowledging a perceived ‘flaw’ in ourselves is not always an easy thing to do. Students may be unwilling because of stigma or embarrassment or simply through an inability to recognize that a problem exists, which is an issue in roughly 30% of adults (Skills for Life Survey, 2011). However, individual needs may not be only be based on academic ability or skillset, there are a multitude of different needs which may exist and it is important to consider a holistic approach. Some students may have no difficulty with course content but may be distracted by other personal problems which affect their ability to learn. These could include financial difficulty, bereavement or an underlying health issue. Ultimately, the importance of identifying and meeting learners’ needs is about providing the best possibility for successful learning through providing support where it is most needed. References: Gagnà ©, R. M. (1965). ‘The conditions of learning and theory of instruction’ (1st ed.) Holt, Rinehart & Winston: New York. Gravells, A (2010) ‘Preparing to Teach in the Lifelong Learning Sector’. 3rd Ed. Exeter: Learning Matters Ltd. Skills for Life Survey (2011). Department for Business, Innovation & Skills. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/2011-skills-for-life-survey Accessed 1/12/14. Explain Ways To Maintain a Safe And Supportive Learning Environment As part of providing students with the best opportunity for success, it is crucial that the learning environment is both safe and supportive. These aspects are intertwined in that their aim is to create an environment where consideration for all matters other than the subject itself can be put aside to concentrate on learning. When operating in any environment, safety is the first issue. A risk assessment should be carried out prior to beginning any teaching session to establish whether hazards exist, and if so what extent they pose a risk (Trades Union Congress, 2008). These factors should also be assessed dynamically and any new or developing threat should be treated as a priority. When working in an environment such as a client office or business premises, safety considerations should include awareness of the existing plan of evacuation in case of fire. Any issues which are identified (such as blocked exits etc) should be bought up with the client in a professional manner. Support for learners may be provided in several ways. On a personal level, it is ensuring inclusivity for all students, treating each individual with respect and tolerance, as well as providing individually tailored help to match the needs identified in the first stage of the Teaching and Learning Cycle (Gravells, 2008). However, support is also provided through recognizing the need to give adequate breaks and availability of resources required to undertake the learning process properly. It is vital that consideration is given to these factors in the planning stage so that support may be implemented pro-actively rather than reactively. References: Trades Union Congress (2008) ‘Risk Assessment’. Precision Printing: London. Available online at: http://www.tuc.org.uk/sites/default/files/extras/riskassessment.pdf Accessed 1/12/14 Gravells, A (2010) ‘Preparing to Teach in the Lifelong Learning Sector’. 3rd Ed. Exeter: Learning Matters Ltd. Explain Why It Is Important To Promote Appropriate Behaviour and Respect For Others The importance of appropriate behavior is paramount as it will set the correct tone for a learning environment. Fundamentally, it is about the rights of learners to have access to, attend, and participate in their chosen learning experience regardless of their circumstances. (Equality Act, 2010) The best way to promote this is to set the example as the teacher (School of Educators, 2011). This can be achieved in a variety of ways. Ensuring that the planning of any session has been properly executed will help to demonstrate basic values such as organization, efficiency and punctuality and when delivering a session, using appropriate tone and language will exhibit the kinds of behaviour which we want to see reflected in students. It is also important that we are focused on the task at hand and are not distracted by outside influences. Something as simple as switching off a mobile phone could make all the difference. In that regard, requesting students to put their phones into ‘silent’ mode is something which could help to avoid them becoming distracted but also establishes a basic ground rule while not necessarily conveying the same message as ‘please all turn your phones off’. Where undesirable behaviour occurs, it is important to consider whether addressing it may in fact be more of a disruption than the behaviour itself, however, where it needs to be addressed, this should be done so quickly and professionally. However, it is important to note that students, like teachers should incorporate humour into learning. Using humour in the classroom shows that you are human and consequently encourages students to like and respect you. Being able to laugh at yourself when you make a mistake offers a good counterbalance to the moment when you must be strict and so helps lighten the classroom atmosphere (Cowley, 2007) Treating students as individuals but with equal respect will help to promote the same response from them. Therefore, care should be taken to listen to, appreciate and encourage individual contributions, this is especially true in the case of adult learners who bring their own experiences to the learning setting. References: Cowley, S. (2007) ‘Guerilla Guide to Teaching: The Definitive Resource for New Teachers’ (2nd Ed.) Continuum: London. Equality Act (2010). London: HMSO. Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/contents Accessed 04/12/2014. School of Educators (2011). ‘The Characteristics of a Good Teacher’. Available online at: http://schoolofeducators.com/2011/05/the-characteristics-of-a-good-teacher/ Accessed 4/12/14. Explain How the Teaching Role Involves Working with Other Professionals As a teacher, there will always be a requirement to liaise and work with other professionals, and this is likely to occur in a number of ways. When employed in a teaching role, we act as a representative of the organization which employs us, and we have a responsibility to represent that organization in a professional manner. Equally, when dealing with internal colleagues, whether a manager or a colleague at the same level of seniority, we are dutybound to treat others with respect, politeness and courtesy. Values which all form part of the Institute for Learning ‘Code of Practice’ (2008). Remembering that we have a responsibility to act according to these guidelines can be especially important when faced with other professionals who may be challenging or difficult in their approach. For example, in a  client situation, a Manager who is under pressure is annoyed because some of his staff are being abstracted from their usual duties to undertake training. In this situation, it is feasible that a degree of hostility may be directed toward the trainer. In acknowledging the managers concerns and highlighting the benefit of the training both to the staff and the manager, we may be able to defuse the situation rather than escalate it. Of course, students themselves can be professionals and care must be taken to acknowledge the professional standing of adult learners so that we do not condescend or patronize. However, we also have a responsibility to care for our students and where it is highlighted that a student may have a need or issue which requires third party support, we may need to act as an advocate or intervene to flag potential issues. Legislation such as The Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act (2006) make it potentially necessary to liaise with other professional agencies and, depending on the nature of the matter, it may be appropriate to use care or discretion. In all cases, it is appropriate that we remain professional and impartial. References: Institute for Learning (2008). ‘Code of Practice’ Available at: https://www.ifl.ac.uk/membership/ifl-code-of-professional-practice/view-the-code-of-professional-practice/ Accessed 1/12/2014 Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act (2006). London: HMSO. Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/47/section/6 Accessed 4/12/14 Explain the Boundaries Between the Teaching Role and Other Professional Roles In dealing with other professional roles, there must come a point at which the boundaries of our own role are recognized to avoid us ‘overstepping the line’. This can apply on either a professional or personal level and works in two ways: our behaviour toward others and their behaviour towards us. The key basis upon which these boundaries must be drawn are ethics. Ethics can be described as ‘The codes of conduct or moral principles recognized in a particular profession, sphere of activity, relationship, or other context or aspect of human life’ (Oxford English Dictionary, 2014) In particular, the teaching profession is deeply implicated in ethical concerns and considerations. (Carr, D. 2000.) Therefore, it is an issue which should be constantly at the forefront of our thinking as teachers and an awareness of ethics helps to define the boundaries between us and other professional roles. Some boundaries are not so much an issue of ethics, however, but more of practicality and there must be limits placed on what we can reasonably be expected to achieve. This could, for example, include something such as a client wishing us to condense a lesson into a shorter time to reduce the impact on their business. Whilst the motivation for this may be understandable, it could also be perceived to undermine the value of the lesson itself, or at the very least will have an effect on the quality of the teaching. Recognising this kind of boundary enables us to ensure the integrity of our aims as teachers. Oxford English Dictionary (2014) Available online at: http://www.oed.com/ Accessed 4/12/14. Carr, D. (2000). ‘Professionalism and ethics in teaching’.London: Routledge Describe Points of Referral To Meet The Individual Needs Of Learners The teacher/student relationship is a unique one and often provides opportunities to unearth or identify needs which have previously been unnoticed. These needs may be specific to helping someone become a more effective learner, (such as possible dyslexia) or could be a wider issue in terms of being affecting the individual students’ life beyond the classroom. These wider-reaching needs could be in any area of a persons’ life and broadly speaking, fall into one of 5 categories as identified by Maslow (1943): Our role in providing support to help a student meet the identified need will depend on the particular need itself. For example, a student who is  apparently lacking in one of the ‘upper needs’ such as self-esteem may benefit from more support, praise and encouragement. Some needs, however, will require external or third party input and this is where we may seek to access a point of referral. It may become clear to us in the process of teaching that a student is suffering a crisis affecting their overall wellbeing: Domestic abuse, homelessness, drug or alcohol misuse etc. In this instance, we can play an important role in referring someone to a service or organization who can provide assistance. So as to be sure that we are not misguided, the student themselves should be engaged initially and when help is offered, it can be simply through providing information, or if consent is given, we may choose to act as an advocate. Maslow, A.H (1943). ‘A Theory of Human Motivation’. Psychological Review (50)p.370-396.

Development or environmental injustice Essay

What does it really take to experience development? What are the defining criteria for development? Is development quantitatively measured or qualitatively evaluated? What are the key indicators of a developing or developed country? The answers depend on the person’s priority and preference. The expansion of metropolitan areas has been referred to as urban development by those who are after the material indicators of development- high rise buildings, wider highways, more cars and more parks. For those who are concerned with the long-term environmental and health effects of urbanization, they call it urban sprawl. For the purpose of having a common point of reference, let me use 1Dr. Howard Frumkin’s definition of urban sprawl: â€Å"the complex pattern of land use, transportation and social and economic development. † This complex pattern requires the extension of urban areas to rural areas, and thus converting the latter to urbanized locality. Urbanization implies vast forest and agricultural lands to be converted to different land uses. Sad to say, the list includes recreational facilities and parks which, for investment and environmental considerations are to be of least priority. Extensive roads construction which provides spaces for suburban dwellers to drive a car just to buy a pack of cigarette in the next block, is not suppose to be of immediate consideration. Besides this qualitative indicators of poor urban sprawl considerations, there are environmental threats of urban sprawl that are needed to be evaluated and be given high priority by the development advocates, as it concerns life of the present and future generations. 2â€Å"Automobile has been a prerequisite to urban sprawl. † (J. E. Anderson) The most adverse effect of heavy reliance to automobiles is obviously air pollution. In the United States, 3about 25% of all trips are shorter than one mile of these, 75% are by car. Another related 4study revealed that only 1% of trips in the US are on bicycle and 9% by foot. Do these figures present impressive urban development rates for the US? I am afraid not because the Netherlands has 30% accounting for transportation on bicycle. These facts rather provide proofs that vehicles are the leading source of air pollution. Despite modern environmental standards, urban air quality remains to be greatly affected by the emission of air pollutants from transport. In the 5US alone, 30% of nitrogen oxide and 30% of hydrocarbon emissions are brought about by mobile sources. In addition, 5carbon dioxide emission, which is the end product of burning fuel such as gas, accounts for 80% emissions. Carbon dioxide is the major greenhouse gas, with global warming potential. Needless to explain, development should no be measured quantitatively, that is by the number of cars that are going to and fro the streets of the cities. Rather, development should be measured qualitatively, that how much does it contribute to the quality of life the residents are to experience when programs relative to urban sprawl are push through. Housing development is a part of urban sprawl, which requires forest fragmentation. 6Chet Arnold of the Center for Land-use and Research at the University of Connecticut said forest fragmentation occurs when â€Å"large, continuous forests are divided into smaller blocks, either by roads, clearing for agriculture, urbanization, or other human development. † This means that housing development requires animal populations in the cleared forests to be thrown out of their natural habitats. Destruction of natural habitats accounts for great loss of biodiversity, which results to ecological imbalance. I agree that man deserve to have decent life and part of it is having a more comfortable living. But humans are not the only residents of the earth. We also have to take into consideration the floras and faunas as part of biodiversity. Let us remember that earth creatures are dependent on each other. Humans, being given the capacity to think and understand over the lower forms of life should see things beyond material and short-term comforts that development brings. Urban sprawl in this context alone is clearly an environmental injustice. Water resources are not exempted from the list of natural resources that are directly affected by urban sprawl. As requisite of urban sprawl deforestation brings forth water pollution. This is besides the effects of pollutants that directly come from factories, sewage treatment plants and local wastes, which are typical to urbanized cities. Rainwater that runs through the deforested lands are not effectively absorbed and thus flows downstream. This process results to lesser groundwater recharge, then water supply shortage follows. Added to the list of negative effects of urban sprawl to natural resources are noise pollution, the heat island effect, soil erosion and the declining fertility rates of soils. The main point of all these is that urban sprawl is the root of many environmental injustices. Air pollution, deforestation, water pollution, soil degradation and the destruction of biodiversity are results of a chain reaction from a single step to what others refer to as urban development. What humans failed to do and still refuse to consider is the future. Development projects, of which urban sprawl is a major player, are focused on comforts and pleasures of today and shortly after tomorrow. The next generation should be taken into serious consideration. There are things that still can be undone, but there are things that cannot. Natural resources that were destroyed can still be replaced, but it takes a century to bring them back to where they used to be. By itself, there’s nothing wrong with development. What makes it undesirable is its planner to consider the future. REFERENCES 1. Frumkin, Howard. Urban Sprawl and Public Health. Public Health Reports. May-June 2002 issue. Volume 117. page 201 2. Anderson, J. Edward. Personal Rapid Transit and Urban Development. Retrieved from http://faculty. washington. edu/jbs/itrans/sprawl. htm on December 19, 2006 3. Koplan, JP, Dietz. Caloric Imbalance and Public Health Policy. JAMA 1999. 282. pages 1579-81 4. Pucher, J. Bicycling Boom in Germany: A Revival Engineered by Public Policy. Transportation Q 1997:51. pages 31-46 5. US Environmental Agency. National Emission Inventory. Air Pollutant Emission Trends. Current Emission Trend Summaries. Retrieved from http://www. epa. gov/ttn/chief/trends/index. html on December 19, 2006 6. NASA. Urban Sprawl: The Big Picture. Retrieved from http://science. nasa. gov/headlines/y2002/11oct_sprawl. htm on December 19, 2006